Mathias Brandewinder on .NET, F#, VSTO and Excel development, and quantitative analysis / machine learning.
28. April 2011 16:35

In my last post, I began my attempt at replicating a Bee Colony implementation from C# to F#, generating random solutions by permuting Cities in the Traveling Salesman circuit. Today, we’ll look at another ingredient of the problem: the evaluation of solutions. We need to be able to compare the quality of solutions to determine whether they constitute an improvement.

In our case, we will represent each City by 2 coordinates in the plane, and simply use the Euclidean distance as our cost measure – so our goal is to minimize the total distance travelled.

Let’s model a City as a record:

type City = { X: float; Y: float; }

We can now create list of cities, which will represent solutions:

> type City = { X: float; Y: float; }
let c1 = { X = 0.0; Y = 0.0}
let c2 = { X = 3.0; Y = 0.0}
let c3 = { X = 0.0; Y = 4.0};;

type City =
{X: float;
Y: float;}
val c1 : City = {X = 0.0;
Y = 0.0;}
val c2 : City = {X = 3.0;
Y = 0.0;}
val c3 : City = {X = 0.0;
Y = 4.0;}

> let cities = [c1; c2; c3];;

val cities : City list = [{X = 0.0;
Y = 0.0;}; {X = 3.0;
Y = 0.0;}; {X = 0.0;
Y = 4.0;}]

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24. April 2011 11:44

April 2011’s issue of MSDN Magazine had an interesting piece on Bee Colony Algorithms by Dr. James McCaffrey, explaining the concepts and providing an example, applying the algorithm to the Traveling Salesman Problem. In a nutshell, the algorithm is a meta-heuristic, that is, a method that is not guaranteed to produce an optimal solution, but will search for “decent” solutions in a large space. In a real-life bee hive,  bees scout for areas rich with food, keep visiting them until they are exhausted, and tell other bees about good spots so that more bees come search that area. By analogy, the algorithm uses scout bees, which search for new random solutions, and recruit inactive bees which become active and start searching for improved solutions around their current solution.

I found the algorithm intriguing, and thought it would be a good learning exercise to try and adapt it to F#.

Disclaimer: I am still learning the ropes in F#, so take the code that follows with a grain of salt. I’ll gladly take advice and criticism to make this better – my intent is to share my learning experience with the language, not to teach you best practices.

In the case of the Traveling Salesman Problem, the goal is to find the shortest (or some other cost measure) closed route connecting a list of cities. In order to do this, we need to be able to create random solutions, as well as solutions in the neighborhood of an existing solution.

Assuming we begin with an initial list of Cities (the cities our salesman needs to visit), we can generate random solutions by shuffling that list, using the Fisher-Yates shuffle algorithm. We can generate the sequence of index pairs that need to be swapped with the following

let SwapIndexPairs list =
let random = new Random()
seq {
for i in (List.length list - 1) .. -1 .. 1 do
yield (i, random.Next(i + 1)) }

Running this in the interactive window produces the following:

> open System;;
> let SwapIndexPairs list =
let random = new Random()
seq {
for i in (List.length list - 1) .. -1 .. 1 do
yield (i, random.Next(i + 1)) };;

val SwapIndexPairs : 'a list -> seq<int * int>

> let i = SwapIndexPairs [0;1;2;3;4;5] |> Seq.toList;;

val i : (int * int) list = [(5, 0); (4, 0); (3, 2); (2, 1); (1, 1)]

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16. April 2011 17:27

In my last post, I looked into running a simple simulation using F# sequences; our model mapped a sequence of random numbers to 2 states, Rainy and Sunny.

What if we wanted to model something a bit more realistic, like a system where the weather tomorrow depends on the weather today? Let’s say, for instance, that if the weather is Sunny today, there is a 60% chance that it’s still Sunny tomorrow, but if it’s Rainy today, we have a 70% chance that tomorrow is Rainy.

Technicality: we will also assume that if we know today’s weather, what happened yesterday brings us no additional information on the probability of rain or sun tomorrow.

Let’s start like last time, and define first a Weather type, with 2 states, Rainy and Sunny, and represent the transitions from state to state, using pattern matching:

type Weather = Sunny | Rainy

let NextDay today proba =
match today with
| Rainy -> if proba < 0.7 then Rainy else Sunny
| Sunny -> if proba < 0.6 then Sunny else Rainy

Armed with this, starting from an initial state, we want to generate the next state, based on the current state and the next probability coming from the sequence of random numbers. This part got me stumped for a while. Using a Sequence map is clearly not going to work, because, unlike in the previous post, we can’t determine the Weather based on the probability alone, we need both the probability and the previous Weather. Conversely, Sequence unfold has the opposite problem: it generates a sequence of states based on the previous State, but doesn’t take in another Sequence as input.

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10. April 2011 12:09

One of my initial goals for 2011 was to get my feet wet with Python, but after the last (and excellent) San Francisco F# user group meetup, dedicated to F# for Python developers, I got all excited about F# again, and dug back my copy of Programming F#.

The book contains a Sequence example which I found inspiring:

open System

let RandomSequence =
let random = new Random()
seq {
while true do
yield random.NextDouble() }

What’s nice about this is that it is a lazy sequence; each element of the Sequence will be pulled in memory “on demand”, which makes it possible to work with Sequences of arbitrary length without running into memory limitation issues.

This formulation looks a lot like a simulation, so I thought I would explore that direction. What about modeling the weather, in a fictional country where 60% of the days are Sunny, and the others Rainy?

Keeping our weather model super-simple, we could do something along these lines: we define a Weather type, which can be either Sunny or Rainy, and a function WeatherToday, which given a probability, returns the adequate Weather.

type Weather = Sunny | Rainy

let WeatherToday probability =
if probability < 0.6 then Sunny
else Rainy

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